Late-successional riparian forest structure results in heterogeneous periphyton distributions in low- order streams
نویسندگان
چکیده
Late-successional riparian forests often regulate autotrophic microhabitats in low-order streams through shading provided by canopies. However, few studies have linked forest structure with periphyton microhabitat in adjoining streams. Our hypotheses were that (1) the heterogeneous horizontal structure in old-growth forests creates more spatially variable below-canopy light environments compared with mature forests and (2) site-specific light availability over streams correlates with spatial distributions of periphyton microhabitat. We surveyed 15 low-order stream reaches in late-successional northern hardwood–hemlock forests in the Adirondack Mountains of New York, USA. We measured forest structure and the below-canopy light environment at all reaches and the periphyton chlorophyll a concentration on artificial substrates in eight reaches. While stand age was not statistically significant, multivariate models of horizontal forest structure (e.g., gap distribution) and topography showed strong relationships (R2 > 0.70) with the below-canopy light environment across all late-successional forests. Furthermore, metrics of below-canopy light availability explained a small but statistically significant proportion of the variation in chlorophyll a concentration. This variation in chlorophyll a indicates that complex latesuccessional riparian forests, both mature and old-growth, create a mosaic of heterotrophic (shaded) and autotrophic (lighted) microhabitats along low-order streams. These results reveal important and previously unrecognized links between stream habitat heterogeneity and the horizontal heterogeneous late-successional forest structure. Résumé : Les forêts riveraines au dernier stade de succession régissent souvent les microhabitats autotrophes dans les cours d’eau secondaires via l’ombre produit par le couvert. Cependant, peu d’études ont relié la structure de la forêt et les microhabitats du périphyton dans les cours d’eau voisins. Nous avons émis les hypothèses suivantes : (1) la structure horizontale hétérogène dans les vieilles forêts crée des conditions de luminosité sous couvert plus variables dans l’espace comparativement aux forêts matures et (2) la disponibilité de la lumière propre à un site au-dessus d’un cours d’eau est corrélée à la distribution spatiale des microhabitats du périphyton. Nous avons réalisé un inventaire de 15 tronçons de cours d’eau secondaires dans les forêts de feuillus nordiques et de pruche au dernier stade de succession dans les monts Adirondacks de l’État de New York, aux États-Unis. Nous avons mesuré la structure de la forêt et les conditions de luminosité sous couvert dans tous les tronçons ainsi que la concentration de la chlorophylle a du périphyton sur des substrats artificiels dans huit tronçons. Même si l’âge du peuplement n’était pas statistiquement significatif, des modèles multivariés de la structure horizontale de la forêt (p. ex., la distribution des trouées) et la topographie étaient étroitement reliées (R2 > 0,70) aux conditions de luminosité sous couvert dans toutes les forêts au dernier stade de succession. De plus, des métriques de la disponibilité de la lumière sous couvert expliquent une proportion statistiquement significative, bien que faible, de la variation de la concentration de chlorophylle a. Cela indique que les forêts riveraines complexes au dernier stade de succession, matures et surannées, créent une mosaı̈que de microhabitats hétérotrophes (ombragés) et autotrophes (éclairés) le long des cours d’eau secondaires. Ces résultats révèlent des liens importants et jusqu’ici inconnus entre l’hétérogénéité des habitats des cours d’eau et l’hétérogénéité de la structure des forêts au dernier stade de succession. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
منابع مشابه
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تاریخ انتشار 2009